Notes for July 22 part 4

Technology

Bessemer Steel Process
Took out impurities at 1/10 of the normal cost
Used in ships, bridges, skyscrapers
Dynamite – Alfred Nobel
More stable explosive
Used to dig canals, build railroad tunnels
Electric Current
DC – Thomas Edison (also the light bulb)
AC – Nikolai Tesla (also Hydroelectricity)
“City of Lights” in Paris, Buffalo
Steam engines were replaced

Victorian Age

Applied to the European middle and upperclass, especially in Britain
Queen Victoria, 1837-1901
Gender: “Separate spheres”
Men worked in the capitalist sphere out of the home
Women ran the domestic sphere in the home, including raising children
Poorer women worked in textiles or out of the home to supplement income

Karl Marx 1818-1883

German who studied British industry
With Friedrich Engels, criticized capitalism
Theorized that history is a series of class conflicts
Bourgeoisie: property owners
Proletariat: workers
Thought proletariat would eventually over the bourgeoisie and create a communist society

Terms

Anarchism: against all forms of governments
Nationalism: a national “spirit;” patriotism
Nationalism united the Germanic and Italian peoples through cultural identities
The spread of anarchism and the foundation of nation-states later led to civil unrest and even assassinations, and eventually WWI
Liberalism:
Constitutional government
National parliament
Freedom of expression
Free, sovereign citizens

Other Empires

Austrian Empire, AKA Austria-Hungary
More diverse cultures than Germany or Italy
Tried to expand empire into the Balkans, upsetting Russia
Japan
Meiji Restoration overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate
Reformed using European styles of government, learning, and defense
Unlike China, Japan opened up their culture and their trade