Friday, August 8, 2008
Grades are in
Nobody failed! There may be a delay that prevents your grade from being mailed to you in time. Feel free to email me with any questions.
Tuesday, July 29, 2008
Final Exam Info
The exam will be based on all the notes and on the video worksheets taken after the midterm. You will get to choose definitions to answer. Be sure to define the term AND discuss its importance in Western Civilization.
For the essay, you must pick one of the following and write your answer in class:
1.Compare and contrast at least three elements of 16th and 17th century imperialism with imperialism of the 19th century.
2.Assess at least three reasons for the rise of totalitarian states in the 1920's and 1930's.
3.Evaluate at least three factors leading to the collapse of the communist order in Eastern Europe.
There will also be an essay based on the cumulative lessons from the Connections videos.
Due the last day of class:
--Final Exam
--Oral Presentation
--Connections packet
For the essay, you must pick one of the following and write your answer in class:
1.Compare and contrast at least three elements of 16th and 17th century imperialism with imperialism of the 19th century.
2.Assess at least three reasons for the rise of totalitarian states in the 1920's and 1930's.
3.Evaluate at least three factors leading to the collapse of the communist order in Eastern Europe.
There will also be an essay based on the cumulative lessons from the Connections videos.
Due the last day of class:
--Final Exam
--Oral Presentation
--Connections packet
Notes from 7/29
The Cold War
1959: Fidel Castro leads a guerilla revolution to takeover Cuba
Nationalizes US-owned industries
Redistributes land and wealth from rich to poor
Looks for economic aid from the USSR
US: Cuba a threat to the Monroe Doctrine?
Ends treaty agreements
Cubans emigrate to US en masse
Had big economic and political ties to the island
1961: Bay of Pigs invasion staged to overthrow Castro
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis. USSR agrees to take nuclear weapons from Cuba if US takes nuclear weapons from Turkey
Arms Race leads to . . .
Buildup of nuclear weapons
The “Space Race”
Education reform in science and math
Third parties “fighting by proxy”
Soviet-Afghan War 1979-1989
Vietnam 1964-1975
Korean War 1950-1953
Economic “aid” to third-world, “non-aligned” countries
Free weapons
Trade agreements
Free food
International investment
Vietnam
1954: Ho Chi Minh's nationalist communists got support from China to take the French colony from the North. Other nationalists took the South
US allied with the South to stop communism
South was corrupt and unpopular
US supported the government with military “advisors” but wanted the president overthrown
1963: Presidents Ngo Dinh Diem and JFK killed
Guerilla warfare; over 1 million Vietnamese dead
1973: US stops fighting
1975: North overtakes and unites with South
Decolonization
Worldwide independence movement grew out of nationalism
Worldwide anti-imperialism movement grew out of WWII
Sub-Saharan Africa was mostly peaceful, though their independence was gradual
Nations with larger European populations (Algeria, Kenya) had more violent regime changes
US/USSR influence led to wars and revolutions supported by one or both sides (Congo)
Apartheid halted South African progress until 1990
Latin America
Countries wavered between democracy, dictatorship, and communism using violence
The US tried to keep non-communist governments in power using covert means . . . “proxy wars”
In Chile, socialist Salvador Allende was replaced by US-supported General Augusto Pinochet
Pinochet was not elected. His regime led to thousands of deaths
In Nicaragua, US armed the Contras to fight against the Cuban-supported Sandinista rebels
In Salvador, Catholic leaders spoke out against violence but were killed by US-supported troops
The Catholic Church refused to accept the political “liberation theology” of socialist church leaders
The US invaded Grenada in 1983 (Cuban influence) and Panama (Manuel Noriega) in 1989 (“War on Drugs”)
Including Mexico, Latin America was more dependent on the US economy than ever
Post-War Japan
Wrote an Americanized Constitution that did not allow for a military
Instead, Japan focused on industry and trade
US rebuilding and Japanese government led to an “economic miracle” that outpaced the world
Asian Tigers: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs)
Post-War China
Focusing on the peasant class, Mao and the USSR eventually disagreed on communist theories
“Great Leap Forward” was Mao's 30-year plan for industrialization. It failed miserably
The “Cultural Revolution” tried to stimulate youth towards communism. It grew very violent
Eventually China and the USSR parted ways. The US tried to get closer relations with China to split the communist world in half
After Mao's death, later leaders were more open to economic change
Deng Xiaoping Allowed foreign investment, rewards, and competition
China's national output doubled under Deng
Truman Doctrine: The US will support and defend democracies around the world
NATO: military alliance of democracies
Marshall Plan: US rebuilds Europe, $12.5B
Warsaw Pact: communist military alliance
European Community: began with economic alliance between France and Germany. Later became EU
Nonaligned nations: 3rd world caught between 1st world (democracy) and 2nd world (communism)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Bans torture, discrimination, colonialism
Promotes legal rights and freedom of speech
Brezhnev Doctrine: the Soviet Union has the right to intervene in any communist country
Detente: “progressive piecemeal relaxation of cold war tensions”
Globalization:
“Economic, political, and cultural integration and interaction” worldwide
World Trade Organization (WTO):
Encourages freer trade and enforces international trade agreements
Common Market: 6-nation European Economic Community got rid of tariffs for coal and steel
Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the USSR in 1985, instituting important reforms
Glasnost: “openness” freedom to criticize
Perestroika: “restructuring” more open markets
Solidarity: Lesh Walesa (Poland) led a labor union to reform the economy and take power from the communists
Pope John Paul II, also Polish, encouraged social reforms and freedom of religion
1989: “Velvet Revolution”
Czechoslovakia opens borders, making the Berlin Wall useless.
1991: after a failed coup, the USSR breaks up. Gorbachev loses his job
1959: Fidel Castro leads a guerilla revolution to takeover Cuba
Nationalizes US-owned industries
Redistributes land and wealth from rich to poor
Looks for economic aid from the USSR
US: Cuba a threat to the Monroe Doctrine?
Ends treaty agreements
Cubans emigrate to US en masse
Had big economic and political ties to the island
1961: Bay of Pigs invasion staged to overthrow Castro
1962: Cuban Missile Crisis. USSR agrees to take nuclear weapons from Cuba if US takes nuclear weapons from Turkey
Arms Race leads to . . .
Buildup of nuclear weapons
The “Space Race”
Education reform in science and math
Third parties “fighting by proxy”
Soviet-Afghan War 1979-1989
Vietnam 1964-1975
Korean War 1950-1953
Economic “aid” to third-world, “non-aligned” countries
Free weapons
Trade agreements
Free food
International investment
Vietnam
1954: Ho Chi Minh's nationalist communists got support from China to take the French colony from the North. Other nationalists took the South
US allied with the South to stop communism
South was corrupt and unpopular
US supported the government with military “advisors” but wanted the president overthrown
1963: Presidents Ngo Dinh Diem and JFK killed
Guerilla warfare; over 1 million Vietnamese dead
1973: US stops fighting
1975: North overtakes and unites with South
Decolonization
Worldwide independence movement grew out of nationalism
Worldwide anti-imperialism movement grew out of WWII
Sub-Saharan Africa was mostly peaceful, though their independence was gradual
Nations with larger European populations (Algeria, Kenya) had more violent regime changes
US/USSR influence led to wars and revolutions supported by one or both sides (Congo)
Apartheid halted South African progress until 1990
Latin America
Countries wavered between democracy, dictatorship, and communism using violence
The US tried to keep non-communist governments in power using covert means . . . “proxy wars”
In Chile, socialist Salvador Allende was replaced by US-supported General Augusto Pinochet
Pinochet was not elected. His regime led to thousands of deaths
In Nicaragua, US armed the Contras to fight against the Cuban-supported Sandinista rebels
In Salvador, Catholic leaders spoke out against violence but were killed by US-supported troops
The Catholic Church refused to accept the political “liberation theology” of socialist church leaders
The US invaded Grenada in 1983 (Cuban influence) and Panama (Manuel Noriega) in 1989 (“War on Drugs”)
Including Mexico, Latin America was more dependent on the US economy than ever
Post-War Japan
Wrote an Americanized Constitution that did not allow for a military
Instead, Japan focused on industry and trade
US rebuilding and Japanese government led to an “economic miracle” that outpaced the world
Asian Tigers: South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and other Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs)
Post-War China
Focusing on the peasant class, Mao and the USSR eventually disagreed on communist theories
“Great Leap Forward” was Mao's 30-year plan for industrialization. It failed miserably
The “Cultural Revolution” tried to stimulate youth towards communism. It grew very violent
Eventually China and the USSR parted ways. The US tried to get closer relations with China to split the communist world in half
After Mao's death, later leaders were more open to economic change
Deng Xiaoping Allowed foreign investment, rewards, and competition
China's national output doubled under Deng
Truman Doctrine: The US will support and defend democracies around the world
NATO: military alliance of democracies
Marshall Plan: US rebuilds Europe, $12.5B
Warsaw Pact: communist military alliance
European Community: began with economic alliance between France and Germany. Later became EU
Nonaligned nations: 3rd world caught between 1st world (democracy) and 2nd world (communism)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
Bans torture, discrimination, colonialism
Promotes legal rights and freedom of speech
Brezhnev Doctrine: the Soviet Union has the right to intervene in any communist country
Detente: “progressive piecemeal relaxation of cold war tensions”
Globalization:
“Economic, political, and cultural integration and interaction” worldwide
World Trade Organization (WTO):
Encourages freer trade and enforces international trade agreements
Common Market: 6-nation European Economic Community got rid of tariffs for coal and steel
Mikhail Gorbachev became leader of the USSR in 1985, instituting important reforms
Glasnost: “openness” freedom to criticize
Perestroika: “restructuring” more open markets
Solidarity: Lesh Walesa (Poland) led a labor union to reform the economy and take power from the communists
Pope John Paul II, also Polish, encouraged social reforms and freedom of religion
1989: “Velvet Revolution”
Czechoslovakia opens borders, making the Berlin Wall useless.
1991: after a failed coup, the USSR breaks up. Gorbachev loses his job
Friday, July 25, 2008
Notes from July 25
Effects of World War I
Mass migrations
Europeans within Europe
Jews to the Americas
African-Americans to the Northern US
American troops to Europe
Armenian genocide
Flu epidemic
Spread of Communism
League of Nations proposed by Woodrow Wilson
US enters war, becoming less isolationist in European affairs
Frustrated, poor, angry Germans
Europe divides world
German colonies were taken away by the winners of WWII.
Class A colonies: Arab nations
Britain and France became “Mandatories” to help nations achieve independence
Mandatories would answer to the League of Nations
“liberation” from Ottoman “oppression?”
Arab Nationalism: Arab world unites against occupation
Class B: larger colonies that would become independent later (Africa)
Class C: Small colonies remained colonies (Pacific Islands)
Zionism
A political movement for a Jewish homeland in Israel (Palestine)
Balfour Declaration of 1917:
Great Britain supports the concept of Zionism
Wants to make sure the rights of non-Jewish Palestinians are protected
Though promising to keep Palestine independent, Britain occupied it from 1920-1948
Israel became a separate Jewish state in 1948
Palestine is not recognized as a country by the US
Russia -- USSR
Russia could not support their war effort on the Eastern Front
Many casualties and food shortages at home
Tired of fighting and inept leadership, Russian troops begin to desert
February Revolution:
The Tsar was removed in 1917
April: Russia pulls out of the war, giving up land
October Revolution:
Lenin and hardline Bolshevik socialists take control of Parliament
New Economic Policy allowed for a free market but kept major businesses under government control
Joseph Stalin
Took control after Lenin died in 1924
Focused on modernization through industrialization
Five-Year Plans: industrial reforms controlled entirely by government
Many peasants sent to cities for factory work
Collectivization: others were organized into public farms
Wealthier peasants protested the loss of their land and were persecuted
Famine and unskilled farmers led to millions of deaths
Reparations
Germany and Austria owed money to Britain and France for damages during WWI
To pay debts, Germany borrowed money from US banks. (France and Britain also owed the US)
When the Great Depression hit, US banks called in their loans. Germany defaulted.
While other nations had colonies to support their economies, Germany did not
Famine led to starvation and unemployment in Germany
Germany wanted to regain land lost in WWI to help end their depression
Italy
World War I was never very popular in Italy.
Humiliated by both sides: “London Pact”
The Depression meant many young men lost jobs and inflation was high
Fascism:
Militant nationalism. People work collectively for the benefit of the state
Unlike Communism, the country is primary, not the people
Benito Mussolini started a fascist party hoping to make another (Roman?) empire
“Black Shirts” kept order by persecuting socialists
Important Battles of WWII
Invasion of Poland by the Nazis, 1939
Considered the start of WWII
Blitzkrieg - “lightening war.” Quick deployment of air power, heavy machinery (tanks) and then troops
Battle of Stalingrad
Hitler wanted Russian land and resources for Germany, even though he signed a treaty with them
The first real defeat of the German army
Don't fight a land war in Asia during the winter
Pearl Harbor
Japan tried to make the US accept the Japanese takeover of European colonies in Asia
Instead, US enters war
Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1944
“Total war”
Over one million citizens dead from starvation alone
Battle of Midway
Turning point in the Pacific Theater; US begins to win
D-Day
Allied troops invade Normandy, France and begin to push towards Berlin
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Only uses of the atomic bomb in warfare
100,000s of civilians dead; leads to Japanese surrender
End of the War
July, 1943: Italy invaded by the Allies. They quickly give up but Germans keep fighting
June, 1944: Allies invade France (D-Day)
February, 1945: Yalta Conference. Britain, US, USSR discuss a post-war Europe
May, 1945: Hitler kills himself, Germany surrenders
August, 1945: Japan attacked by atom bombs. USSR begins to invade from the north
Emperor surrenders to US. Hirohito keeps job
Mass migrations
Europeans within Europe
Jews to the Americas
African-Americans to the Northern US
American troops to Europe
Armenian genocide
Flu epidemic
Spread of Communism
League of Nations proposed by Woodrow Wilson
US enters war, becoming less isolationist in European affairs
Frustrated, poor, angry Germans
Europe divides world
German colonies were taken away by the winners of WWII.
Class A colonies: Arab nations
Britain and France became “Mandatories” to help nations achieve independence
Mandatories would answer to the League of Nations
“liberation” from Ottoman “oppression?”
Arab Nationalism: Arab world unites against occupation
Class B: larger colonies that would become independent later (Africa)
Class C: Small colonies remained colonies (Pacific Islands)
Zionism
A political movement for a Jewish homeland in Israel (Palestine)
Balfour Declaration of 1917:
Great Britain supports the concept of Zionism
Wants to make sure the rights of non-Jewish Palestinians are protected
Though promising to keep Palestine independent, Britain occupied it from 1920-1948
Israel became a separate Jewish state in 1948
Palestine is not recognized as a country by the US
Russia -- USSR
Russia could not support their war effort on the Eastern Front
Many casualties and food shortages at home
Tired of fighting and inept leadership, Russian troops begin to desert
February Revolution:
The Tsar was removed in 1917
April: Russia pulls out of the war, giving up land
October Revolution:
Lenin and hardline Bolshevik socialists take control of Parliament
New Economic Policy allowed for a free market but kept major businesses under government control
Joseph Stalin
Took control after Lenin died in 1924
Focused on modernization through industrialization
Five-Year Plans: industrial reforms controlled entirely by government
Many peasants sent to cities for factory work
Collectivization: others were organized into public farms
Wealthier peasants protested the loss of their land and were persecuted
Famine and unskilled farmers led to millions of deaths
Reparations
Germany and Austria owed money to Britain and France for damages during WWI
To pay debts, Germany borrowed money from US banks. (France and Britain also owed the US)
When the Great Depression hit, US banks called in their loans. Germany defaulted.
While other nations had colonies to support their economies, Germany did not
Famine led to starvation and unemployment in Germany
Germany wanted to regain land lost in WWI to help end their depression
Italy
World War I was never very popular in Italy.
Humiliated by both sides: “London Pact”
The Depression meant many young men lost jobs and inflation was high
Fascism:
Militant nationalism. People work collectively for the benefit of the state
Unlike Communism, the country is primary, not the people
Benito Mussolini started a fascist party hoping to make another (Roman?) empire
“Black Shirts” kept order by persecuting socialists
Important Battles of WWII
Invasion of Poland by the Nazis, 1939
Considered the start of WWII
Blitzkrieg - “lightening war.” Quick deployment of air power, heavy machinery (tanks) and then troops
Battle of Stalingrad
Hitler wanted Russian land and resources for Germany, even though he signed a treaty with them
The first real defeat of the German army
Don't fight a land war in Asia during the winter
Pearl Harbor
Japan tried to make the US accept the Japanese takeover of European colonies in Asia
Instead, US enters war
Siege of Leningrad, 1941-1944
“Total war”
Over one million citizens dead from starvation alone
Battle of Midway
Turning point in the Pacific Theater; US begins to win
D-Day
Allied troops invade Normandy, France and begin to push towards Berlin
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Only uses of the atomic bomb in warfare
100,000s of civilians dead; leads to Japanese surrender
End of the War
July, 1943: Italy invaded by the Allies. They quickly give up but Germans keep fighting
June, 1944: Allies invade France (D-Day)
February, 1945: Yalta Conference. Britain, US, USSR discuss a post-war Europe
May, 1945: Hitler kills himself, Germany surrenders
August, 1945: Japan attacked by atom bombs. USSR begins to invade from the north
Emperor surrenders to US. Hirohito keeps job
Tuesday, July 22, 2008
Notes for July 22 part 4
Technology
Bessemer Steel Process
Took out impurities at 1/10 of the normal cost
Used in ships, bridges, skyscrapers
Dynamite – Alfred Nobel
More stable explosive
Used to dig canals, build railroad tunnels
Electric Current
DC – Thomas Edison (also the light bulb)
AC – Nikolai Tesla (also Hydroelectricity)
“City of Lights” in Paris, Buffalo
Steam engines were replaced
Victorian Age
Applied to the European middle and upperclass, especially in Britain
Queen Victoria, 1837-1901
Gender: “Separate spheres”
Men worked in the capitalist sphere out of the home
Women ran the domestic sphere in the home, including raising children
Poorer women worked in textiles or out of the home to supplement income
Karl Marx 1818-1883
German who studied British industry
With Friedrich Engels, criticized capitalism
Theorized that history is a series of class conflicts
Bourgeoisie: property owners
Proletariat: workers
Thought proletariat would eventually over the bourgeoisie and create a communist society
Terms
Anarchism: against all forms of governments
Nationalism: a national “spirit;” patriotism
Nationalism united the Germanic and Italian peoples through cultural identities
The spread of anarchism and the foundation of nation-states later led to civil unrest and even assassinations, and eventually WWI
Liberalism:
Constitutional government
National parliament
Freedom of expression
Free, sovereign citizens
Other Empires
Austrian Empire, AKA Austria-Hungary
More diverse cultures than Germany or Italy
Tried to expand empire into the Balkans, upsetting Russia
Japan
Meiji Restoration overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate
Reformed using European styles of government, learning, and defense
Unlike China, Japan opened up their culture and their trade
Bessemer Steel Process
Took out impurities at 1/10 of the normal cost
Used in ships, bridges, skyscrapers
Dynamite – Alfred Nobel
More stable explosive
Used to dig canals, build railroad tunnels
Electric Current
DC – Thomas Edison (also the light bulb)
AC – Nikolai Tesla (also Hydroelectricity)
“City of Lights” in Paris, Buffalo
Steam engines were replaced
Victorian Age
Applied to the European middle and upperclass, especially in Britain
Queen Victoria, 1837-1901
Gender: “Separate spheres”
Men worked in the capitalist sphere out of the home
Women ran the domestic sphere in the home, including raising children
Poorer women worked in textiles or out of the home to supplement income
Karl Marx 1818-1883
German who studied British industry
With Friedrich Engels, criticized capitalism
Theorized that history is a series of class conflicts
Bourgeoisie: property owners
Proletariat: workers
Thought proletariat would eventually over the bourgeoisie and create a communist society
Terms
Anarchism: against all forms of governments
Nationalism: a national “spirit;” patriotism
Nationalism united the Germanic and Italian peoples through cultural identities
The spread of anarchism and the foundation of nation-states later led to civil unrest and even assassinations, and eventually WWI
Liberalism:
Constitutional government
National parliament
Freedom of expression
Free, sovereign citizens
Other Empires
Austrian Empire, AKA Austria-Hungary
More diverse cultures than Germany or Italy
Tried to expand empire into the Balkans, upsetting Russia
Japan
Meiji Restoration overthrew the Tokugawa Shogunate
Reformed using European styles of government, learning, and defense
Unlike China, Japan opened up their culture and their trade
Notes for July 22 part 3
Otto von Bismarck
Used industry, nationalism to make Prussia a world power
Created the future German nation
Meiji Restoration
“enlightened rule”
Restored emperor to throne and used industry, nationalism to make Japan a world power
Kept European imperialism away, modernized army
“sphere of influence” over east Asia
Suez Canal
In Egypt, opened 1869
Could now sail from Mediterranean to Indies without going around Africa
Europe increased its hold on the canal, imperialist colonies
Battle of Omdurman, 1898
British use machine guns to fight spears of Sudanese
Industry and empire dominated colonies
Exemplifies the “scramble for Africa” by Europe
Berlin Conference
Belgium, Italy begin staking claims in Europe
European powers decide how to “open up” African territory
Cecil Rhodes
Founded what is now Zambia and Zimbabwe with the British South Africa Company
Founded De Beers diamond company
Free Trade Imperialism
Used by later world powers such as the US
Imposed dominance over poorer, undeveloped countries through economic dependence
In South and Central America, included US military intervention
Emilio Aguinaldo led civil war to fight off US in Philippines
Menelik – Emperor of Ethiopia
Modernized by buying weapons from US, Europe
When invaded by Italy, fought back with Italian weapons and won
“The New Imperialism”
Railroads – especially Latin America
Military occupation - Africa
Telephones and telegraphs
“annihilation of time and space”
Canals – Suez and Panama
“Dollar Diplomacy”
Economic Dependence
Puppet governments
Proxy wars and military support
“Liberation”/ “the taming of the wilderness”/ “our civilizing mission”/ “white man's burden”
Used industry, nationalism to make Prussia a world power
Created the future German nation
Meiji Restoration
“enlightened rule”
Restored emperor to throne and used industry, nationalism to make Japan a world power
Kept European imperialism away, modernized army
“sphere of influence” over east Asia
Suez Canal
In Egypt, opened 1869
Could now sail from Mediterranean to Indies without going around Africa
Europe increased its hold on the canal, imperialist colonies
Battle of Omdurman, 1898
British use machine guns to fight spears of Sudanese
Industry and empire dominated colonies
Exemplifies the “scramble for Africa” by Europe
Berlin Conference
Belgium, Italy begin staking claims in Europe
European powers decide how to “open up” African territory
Cecil Rhodes
Founded what is now Zambia and Zimbabwe with the British South Africa Company
Founded De Beers diamond company
Free Trade Imperialism
Used by later world powers such as the US
Imposed dominance over poorer, undeveloped countries through economic dependence
In South and Central America, included US military intervention
Emilio Aguinaldo led civil war to fight off US in Philippines
Menelik – Emperor of Ethiopia
Modernized by buying weapons from US, Europe
When invaded by Italy, fought back with Italian weapons and won
“The New Imperialism”
Railroads – especially Latin America
Military occupation - Africa
Telephones and telegraphs
“annihilation of time and space”
Canals – Suez and Panama
“Dollar Diplomacy”
Economic Dependence
Puppet governments
Proxy wars and military support
“Liberation”/ “the taming of the wilderness”/ “our civilizing mission”/ “white man's burden”
Notes for July 22 part 2
1800s Latin America
The Spanish Empire was weak and too far from its large colonies to control them.
Independence movements sprang up throughout Latin America
Simon Bolivar:
Revolutionary leader in South America
Used English troops and local troops to fight off the Spanish
Conquered and occupied Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Revolutions
Mexico:
At this point, France controlled the Spanish throne. News of this led to revolts against the old government by politicians and the public
Manuel Hidalgo y Costilla and Jose Maria Morelos, two priests, led a revolution of poor, native farmers against the Spanish elite. Both were executed
In 1862, France invaded Mexico. President Benito Juarez organized a popular resistance to return him to office
Brazil:
France controlled the Spanish throne, and Portugal feared they would be next
King John VI left behind his son Pedro as regent
Pedro declared Brazilian independence and attempted to create a constitutional monarchy
What made revolution successful?
Weakened, distant government
Spain lost almost all of its colonies by 1900
Support of the lower classes
International pressures on colonial powers
--Wars
--Occupations
--Internal revolutions
Strong, charismatic leadership
--Washington
--Toussaint
--Hidalgo
A turbulent economy
Depression, famine, unemployment, poverty
Slave Trade Ends
Haiti's slave revolt led to others that didn't succeed
International abolition movements turned Europe away from slavery, leading to more “legitimate” trade with African nations
Palm-oil trade made West coast exporters wealthy
Ivory trade flourished on East coast using Indian investment and European guns
Recaptives returned to Sierra Leone (Britain) and Liberia (US)
Britain's Eastern Empire
Britain's Asian colonies encompass several themes:
Dominance
Britain overtook the Dutch in Java and most of SE Asia
Britain defeated the French in several wars and in trade competition
Flexibility
Reeling from the American Revolution, Britain gave more autonomy to colonies to prevent uprisings
“Secondary Empires”: Britain supplied the guns and bought the goods, but might not control the empire directly
Newer colonies were allowed to set up their own governments
Immigration
Afrikaners fought the Zulus and started farms
Colonization of Australia and New Zealand with penal colonies and contracts of indenture
Chinese and Indians moved to the Caribbean to take the place of slaves
Shipping
Clipper ships made shipping faster and immigration easier
Colonies bought manufactured goods from England in exchange for raw materials such as palm-oil (West Africa) and cotton (India)
The Spanish Empire was weak and too far from its large colonies to control them.
Independence movements sprang up throughout Latin America
Simon Bolivar:
Revolutionary leader in South America
Used English troops and local troops to fight off the Spanish
Conquered and occupied Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia
Revolutions
Mexico:
At this point, France controlled the Spanish throne. News of this led to revolts against the old government by politicians and the public
Manuel Hidalgo y Costilla and Jose Maria Morelos, two priests, led a revolution of poor, native farmers against the Spanish elite. Both were executed
In 1862, France invaded Mexico. President Benito Juarez organized a popular resistance to return him to office
Brazil:
France controlled the Spanish throne, and Portugal feared they would be next
King John VI left behind his son Pedro as regent
Pedro declared Brazilian independence and attempted to create a constitutional monarchy
What made revolution successful?
Weakened, distant government
Spain lost almost all of its colonies by 1900
Support of the lower classes
International pressures on colonial powers
--Wars
--Occupations
--Internal revolutions
Strong, charismatic leadership
--Washington
--Toussaint
--Hidalgo
A turbulent economy
Depression, famine, unemployment, poverty
Slave Trade Ends
Haiti's slave revolt led to others that didn't succeed
International abolition movements turned Europe away from slavery, leading to more “legitimate” trade with African nations
Palm-oil trade made West coast exporters wealthy
Ivory trade flourished on East coast using Indian investment and European guns
Recaptives returned to Sierra Leone (Britain) and Liberia (US)
Britain's Eastern Empire
Britain's Asian colonies encompass several themes:
Dominance
Britain overtook the Dutch in Java and most of SE Asia
Britain defeated the French in several wars and in trade competition
Flexibility
Reeling from the American Revolution, Britain gave more autonomy to colonies to prevent uprisings
“Secondary Empires”: Britain supplied the guns and bought the goods, but might not control the empire directly
Newer colonies were allowed to set up their own governments
Immigration
Afrikaners fought the Zulus and started farms
Colonization of Australia and New Zealand with penal colonies and contracts of indenture
Chinese and Indians moved to the Caribbean to take the place of slaves
Shipping
Clipper ships made shipping faster and immigration easier
Colonies bought manufactured goods from England in exchange for raw materials such as palm-oil (West Africa) and cotton (India)
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)